how are identity and communication related how are identity and communication related

While the term sexual preference has been used previously, sexual orientation is more appropriate, since preference implies a simple choice. In the acceptance stage, a person with a dominant identity passively or actively accepts that some people are treated differently than others but doesnt do anything internally or externally to address it. Most notably, it introduces ideas about strategic behavioral responses by groups when confronted with a lack of positive distinctiveness. Men have been treated as the generic human being to which others are compared. Some of the goals of the ILM include reframing disability as a social and political rather than just a medical issue, a shift toward changing society rather than just rehabilitating people with disabilities, a view of accommodations as civil rights rather than charity, and more involvement by people with disabilities in the formulation and execution of policies relating to them (Longmore, 2003). Even though heavy internet users are more likely to ignore family and friends, they make up for it with virtual relationships that serve the same needs. Sumner, W.G. 1906. Greenwich, CT: JAI. Source: Adapted from Brenda J. Allen, Difference Matters: Communicating Social Identity (Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press, 2011), 11725; and University of Denver Queer and Ally Commission, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Intersex, and Queer History, Queer Ally Training Manual, 2008. For example, I consider myself a puzzle lover, and you may identify as a fan of hip-hop music. Cultural identities are based on socially constructed categories that teach us a way of being and include expectations for social behavior or ways of acting (Yep, G. A., 2002). Sometimes, the communicators are the source of the problems. The more "friends" one has on Facebook, the more likely s/he is to have deep, meaningful, and engaging relationships. This gave rise to social identity theory, which rests on the notion that, through largely unconscious cognitive processes, individuals who value and closely identify with a particular social group (e.g., familial, ethnic, religious, gender, partisan, national, etc.) Dont be embarrassed if you happen to use accepted, common expressions such as See you later or Did you hear about that? that seem to relate to a persons disability. This study focuses on the underlying motivations that drive individuals to self-categorize and take on or perceive to possess positive attributes associated with the ingroup. For your cultural identities, which ones are dominant and which ones are nondominant? The Stonewall Riot, as it came to be called, was led by gay, lesbian, and transgender patrons of the bar, many of whom were working class and/or people of color. However, research shows that training that is mandatory and undertaken only to educate people about the legal implications of diversity is ineffective and may even hurt diversity efforts. Students of color talked to me about being asked by professors to weigh in on an issue when discussions of race came up in the classroom. As you can see, there is a diversity of identities among sexual minorities, just as there is variation within races and genders. For example, a white person may take notice that a person of color was elected to a prominent office. Why do you think the person ascribed the identity to you? Explain why difference matters in the study of culture and identity. Corporate communication is the perception of a company by creating a brand identity and maintaining communication with the general public. d. external, physiological, and psychological. Moises, the Chicano man I mentioned earlier, now works to support the Chicano community in his city and also has actively supported gay rights and womens rights. Although many people hold a view that a persons sexuality should be kept private, this isnt a reality for our society. The nature of prejudice. Race and communication are related in various ways. We must avoid the temptation to think of our identities as constant. A sterilization law written in 1914 proposed to authorize sterilization of the socially inadequate, which included the feebleminded, insane, criminalistic, epileptic, inebriate, diseased, blind, deaf, deformed, and dependent (Lombardo, 2011). In the late 1800s and early 1900s, scientists who measure skulls, also known as craniometrists, claimed that men were more intelligent than women because they had larger brains. Sexuality is at the center of political issues like abortion, sex education, and gay and lesbian rights. Code-switching involves changing from one way of speaking to another between or within interactions. Culture is a complicated word to define, as there are at least six common ways that culture is used in the United States. I. Interpersonal communication is the complex process through which people express, interpret, and coordinate messages in order to create shared meaning, meet social goals, manage personal identity, and carry out their relationships. Ascribing an identity of disabled to a person can be problematic. Jones Jr., R. G., Communicating Queer Identities through Personal Narrative and Intersectional Reflexivity (PhD diss., University of Denver, 2009), 13032. Define personal, social, and cultural identities. This was a brand of social engineering that was indicative of a strong public support in the rationality of science to cure societys problems (Allen, 2011). Dominant identity formation may include a person moving from unawareness of their identities, to accepting the identity hierarchy, to separation from and guilt regarding the dominant group, to redefining and integrating components of identities. We may literally have a parent or friend tell us what it means to be a man or a woman. Which of the guidelines listed did your training do well or poorly on? The Americans with Disabilities Act is passed through Congress and signed into law. In this classic work, the author establishes the term ethnocentrism and employs structural-functional theory to explain intergroup conflict, suggesting that scarcity of natural resources serves as a primary source of conflict between groups. With abilities related to communication, visual merchandising and corporate identity, and capacity for the analysis of trends, and conducting design research. In the 1900s alone, there were twenty-six different ways that race was categorized on census forms (Allen, 2011). Chicago: Nelson-Hall. Allport, G.W. 1954. Many companies conduct mandatory diversity training based on a belief that they will be in a better position in court if a lawsuit is brought against them. Learning about difference and why it matters will help us be more competent communicators. Spreckels, J. and Helga Kotthoff, Communicating Identity in Intercultural Communication, in Handbook of Intercultural Communication, eds. Tajfel and Turner 1979, for example, establishes that individual identity is significantly shaped by group identity through a process of social categorization, social identification, and social comparisons. d. Both physiological and psychological noise. They realize that they can claim their dominant identity as heterosexual, able-bodied, male, white, and so on, and perform their identity in ways that counter norms. 1986. In each sentence below, underline the correct modifier in parentheses. If the person doesnt avow that identity, it can create friction, and that label may even hurt the other persons feelings. Creates relationships through the exchange of messages. The workplace is one context where changing demographics has become increasingly important. For some, deciding to share what theyve learned with others who share their dominant identity moves them to the next stage. Tajfel, H. 1981. Real-life and online relationships are becoming indistinguishable from one another. Feminism as an intellectual and social movement advanced womens rights and our overall understanding of gender. b. European Journal of Social Psychology 5.1: 534. There is a long history of appreciation for people who cross gender lines in Native American and South Central Asian cultures, to name just two. 9. Social Identifications: A social psychology of intergroup relations and group processes. Obviously one can change nationality by becoming a citizen of another country, although most people do not. And people who insist that we are all equal may claim that minorities are exaggerating their circumstances or whining and just need to work harder or get over it. The person making these statements acknowledges difference but doesnt see their privilege or the institutional perpetuation of various -isms. Although Ive encountered many more people in the passive state of acceptance than the active state, some may progress to an active state where they acknowledge inequality and are proud to be in the superior group. Social networks are replacing face to face communication as a channel of long lasting interpersonal relationships. Culture and identity are complex. Although there may still be residual anger from the discrimination and prejudice they have faced, they may direct this energy into positive outlets such as working to end discrimination for their own or other groups. Discuss the ways in which difference may influence how you communicate in each of the following contexts: academic, professional, and personal. Racial categories included white, black, Chinese, Japanese, and Indian. Oxford Bibliographies Online is available by subscription and perpetual access to institutions. Scholars who study Latina/o identity often use the label Latina/o in their writing to acknowledge women who avow that identity label (Calafell, 2007). Define the social constructionist view of culture and identity. Almost all messages have a. a relational dimension. Some key components include motivation, self- and other knowledge, and tolerance for uncertainty. With the advancement in computing power and speed, the Internet is being transformed from screen-based information to immersive and extremely low latency communication environments in web 3.0 and the Metaverse. Let's look at some of the ways that identity influences communication. The Trail of Tears refer to the route of the Cherokee people on their forced march to a reservation west of the Mississippi in the 183018301830s. For example, teachers are more likely to call on and pay attention to boys in a classroom, giving them more feedback in the form of criticism, praise, and help. b. we engage others in conversation. It is from these cultural influences that our identities are formed. What movements in the late 180018001800s addressed urban problems? Its primary contribution is the idea that ingroups seek to positively distinguish themselves from outgroups, which gives rise to social competition in which ingroups engage in comparisonsemphasizing certain attributes or achievementsthat favor the ingroup over other groups. The feminist movement also gave some momentum to the transgender rights movement. Sometimes clear communication is even the cause of problems. Leaders in the fast-growing fields of sociology and psychology argued that women were less evolved than men and had more in common with children and savages than an adult (white) males (Allen, 2011). Social identities are components of self that are derived from our involvement in social groups to which we are interpersonally invested. For instance, Zhang & Hummert (2001) describe a process of . While the proof they presented was credible to many at the time, it seems blatantly sexist and inaccurate today. As competent communicators and critical thinkers, we must challenge ourselves to be aware of how racism influences our communication at individual and societal levels. Although they are not given their own section, consider how those identities may intersect with the identities discussed next. Being stuck in these stages makes it much more difficult to value difference. Census takers were required to check one of these boxes based on visual cues. Ask yourself the question Who am I? Recall from our earlier discussion of self-concept that we develop a sense of who we are based on what is reflected back on us from other people. Individuals in this stage may also actively try to separate themselves from the dominant group, interacting only with those who share their nondominant identity. Through our social identities, we make statements about who we are and who we are not. The radio station came to COLLINS to accomplish all of this in time for its 80th . 2. Feminism has gotten a bad reputation based on how it has been portrayed in the media and by some politicians. Experts recommend that a company put a staff person in charge of diversity efforts, and some businesses have gone as far as appointing a chief diversity officer (Cullen, 2007). The definition also points out that culture is learned, which accounts for the importance of socializing institutions like family, school, peers, and the media. As was noted earlier, the Latino/a population in the United States is growing fast, which has necessitated inclusion of Spanish in many areas of public life. The 2010 Census shows that the Hispanic and Latino/a populations in the United States are now the second largest group in the country, having grown 43 percent since the last census in 2000 (Saenz, 2011). Among her many publications is a groundbreaking book - Difference Matters: Communicating Social Identity , 3rd. Edited by E.J. Lawler, 77122. They also point out that the United States has always had many languages represented, that national unity hasnt rested on a single language, and that there are actually benefits to having a population that is multilingual (Linguistic Society of America, 2011). Although some identities are essentially permanent, the degree to which we are aware of them, also known as salience, changes. Sex is based on biological characteristics, including external genitalia, internal sex organs, chromosomes, and hormones (Wood, 2005). But if an African American becomes president of her colleges Black Student Union, she may more intensely avow her African American identity, which has now become more salient. Although the eugenics movement as it was envisioned and enacted then is unthinkable today, some who have studied the eugenics movement of the early 1900s have issued warnings that a newly packaged version of eugenics could be upon us. b. Social identities differ from personal identities because they are externally organized through membership. During the Enlightenment, the first large-scale movements toward the medical model are made, as science and medicine advance and society turns to a view of human rationality. Turner, J.C., M.A. Hogg, P.J. Oakes, S.D. Reicher, and M.S. Wetherell. We must avoid the temptation to think of our identities as constant. a. Physiological noise. As with other groups, it is best to allow someone to self-identify first and then honor their preferred label. Sexuality relates to culture and identity in important ways that extend beyond sexual orientation, just as race is more than the color of ones skin and gender is more than ones biological and physiological manifestations of masculinity and femininity. Rather than trying to ignore difference and see each person as a unique individual, we should know the history of how differences came to be so socially and culturally significant and how they continue to affect us today. In fact, we also place people into in-groups and out-groups based on the similarities and differences we perceive. d. we create new ways of teaching communication to children. Trace the historical development and construction of the four cultural identities discussed. This study, which is credited with creating the field of social identity theory, actually built on the previous work Turner 1975 regarding social categorization, which suggests that ingroups seek to positively distinguish themselves from outgroup by accentuating certain attributes or achievements that favor the ingroup over other outgroups. Many of my students have been surprised at the continuing pay gap that exists between men and women. Which of the following is not a principle of communication? While these communities are often grouped together within one acronym (LGBTQ), they are different. Heterosexual people with gay family members or friends may join the group PFLAG (Parents, Families, and Friends of Lesbians and Gays) as a part of the redefinition and/or integration stage of their dominant identity development. b. The relational aspect of the communication. I dont want to contribute to sexism. Culture is an ongoing negotiation of learned patterns of beliefs, attitudes, values, and behaviors. 4.1 Principles and Functions of Nonverbal Communication, 5.4 Listenable Messages and Effective Feedback, 6.1 Principles of Interpersonal Communication, 6.2 Conflict and Interpersonal Communication, 6.3 Emotions and Interpersonal Communication, 6.4 Self-Disclosure and Interpersonal Communication, 8.2 Exploring Specific Cultural Identities, 8.4 Intercultural Communication Competence, 9.2 Researching and Supporting Your Speech, 10.2 Delivery Methods and Practice Sessions, 12.1 Speaking in Personal and Civic Contexts, 14.1 Leadership and Small Group Communication, 14.3 Problem Solving and Decision Making in Groups, 15.1 Technological Advances: From the Printing Press to the iPhone, 15.2 Functions and Theories of Mass Communication, 16.3 New Media, the Self, and Relationships. All this history is important, because it continues to influence communication among races today. Noise, in the transactional view of communication, which occurs within communicators, is called: Look directly at the person and speak clearly, slowly, and expressively to determine if the person can read your lips. For example, if others think we are intelligent and constantly tell us that we are smart, we will likely also think we are smart. The independent living movement (ILM) was a part of the disability rights movement that took shape along with other social movements of the 1960s and 1970s. Members of nondominant groups may have difficulty valuing difference due to negative experiences with the dominant group, such as not having their experiences validated. Instead, our identities are formed through processes that started before we were born and will continue after we are gone; therefore our identities arent something we achieve or complete. Vol. Your current browser may not support copying via this button. The ways of being and the social expectations for behavior within cultural identities do change over time, but what separates them from most social identities is their historical roots (Collier, M. J., 1996). Rather than diminishing other forms of communication, CMC actually promotes and reinforces them. This stage is reached when redefinition is complete and people can integrate their dominant identity into all aspects of their life, finding opportunities to educate others about privilege while also being a responsive ally to people in nondominant identities. Schools are primary grounds for socialization, and the educational experience for males and females is different in many ways from preschool through college. d. Both physiological and psychological noise. Having taught about various types of privilege for years, Ive encountered many students who want to return their privilege or disown it. While its obvious to most people that colors arent gendered, they take on new meaning when we assign gendered characteristics of masculinity and femininity to them.